what does it mean to say that a mutation is silent or neutral?
Answers
To say that a mutation is silent or neutral means that the mutation does not have any significant effect on the function of the resulting protein or the phenotype of the organism. This occurs because the genetic code is degenerate, meaning that some amino acids can be coded for by more than one codon.
A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. This occurs when the altered codon still codes for the same amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code. As a result, the protein structure and function remain unaffected. On the other hand, a neutral mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that leads to a different amino acid being coded for, but the resulting protein still maintains its functionality.
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Related Questions
Define “unicellular organism” and “multicellular organism,”
and give two examples of each.
Answers
Answer:
Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism.
Examples: Bacteria, Protists, and Yeast
Multicellular organisms are composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions.
Examples: Humans, Plants, Animals, and Fungi
Explanation:
You're welcome.
The ____ lobes are involved in the processing of sensory information from the body, such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.
A. occipital
B. temporal
C. frontal
D. prefrontal
E. anterior
Answers
The parietal lobes are involved in the processing of sensory information from the body, such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.
What are the parietal lobes?The parietal lobes are regions of the brain that are involved in the processing of tactile information such as touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. They are also involved in the processing of visual information. The parietal lobes are located on the top of the brain, near the center of the head, and are divided into two hemispheres, left and right. The left parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information from the right side of the body, while the right parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information from the left side of the body.
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Estimate the volume of water that would be contained in the vessels of a
25 m tall oak tree, expressing your answer as mm3 water per mm2section
of wood.
Answers
We can estimate that the vessels of a 25 m tall oak tree would contain approximately 6,245 mm^3 of water per mm^2 section of wood.
What is oak tree?
Oak trees are trees or shrubs belonging to the genus , which is a member of the x family (). There are around 600 species of oak trees, distributed throughout the world, but they are most commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere. Oak trees are generally characterized by their hard, durable wood, lobed leaves, and acorns, which are the fruits of the tree.
Assuming an average oak tree with a height of 25 m and a diameter of 1 m, the cross-sectional area of the tree would be approximately 0.7854 m^2 (πr^2, where r = 0.5 m).
It is estimated that the sapwood of a tree can hold between 20% to 30% of its volume in water. For the purposes of this estimation, let's assume that the oak tree has 25% of its volume in water.
The volume of the tree would be approximately:
V = (πr^2)h = (3.1416) x (0.5 m)^2 x 25 m ≈ 19.63 m^3
25% of the volume of the tree would be:
V_water = 0.25 x 19.63 m^3 ≈ 4.91 m^3
To convert this volume to mm^3 water per mm^2 section of wood, we need to divide it by the cross-sectional area of the tree and convert the units to millimeters:
4.91 m^3 = 4,910,000,000 mm^3
0.7854 m^2 = 785,400 mm^2
So, the volume of water per unit area of wood would be:
V_water / area = 4,910,000,000 mm^3 / 785,400 mm^2 ≈ 6,245 mm^3/mm^2
Therefore, we can estimate that the vessels of a 25 m tall oak tree would contain approximately 6,245 mm^3 of water per mm^2 section of wood.
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4. Molecules that pass through cell membranes by facilitated diffusion include
e. large molecules.
f. hydrophobic molecules.
8. oxygen molecules.
h. two of the above
Answers
Answer:
E. Large molecules
Explanation:
Large molecules cannot pass through the membrane without help they are too big. This is because the membrane is very selective with what it let enters.
besides sugar, what other ingredients that can be used as the substrate for yeast fermentation?
can anyone help me w this question?
Answers
Answer:
In addition to oxygen, they require a basic substrate such as sugar. Some yeasts can ferment sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of air ...
In addition to oxygen gas, for the fermentation the basic substrate such as sugar is required. Some yeasts are required that can ferment sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of air.
What is Fermentation?
Fermentation is the process in which a substance is broken down into a simpler substance. Fermentation is the metabolic process through which organic molecules such as carbohydrates, such as starch or a sugar are converted into acids, gases, or different types of alcohols in the absence of oxygen or any other type of electron transport chain.
Yeasts are the organisms which preferentially metabolize sugars that are converted principally to ethanol molecule and carbon dioxide gas, however they can utilize different carbon sources, such as amino acids, organic acids, polyols, alcohols, fatty acids, and other organic compounds, depending on the species which undergo metabolic reaction.
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_____________ is the movement of charged atomic particles called electrons.
Answers
Electrical current is the movement of charged atomic particles called electrons.
Explanation:
Electricity is the movement of charged atomic particles called electrons
Explain why synonymous sites typically evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites.
Answers
Synonymous sites typically evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites because they undergo fewer selective constraints.
Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. Synonymous mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that do not alter the amino acid sequence in the resulting protein. This means that the function of the protein remains unaffected.
2. Nonsynonymous mutations, on the other hand, lead to changes in the amino acid sequence, which can potentially alter the protein's function. These mutations are more likely to have an impact on the organism's fitness.
3. As a result of the difference in functional impact, nonsynonymous mutations are more likely to be subject to selective pressures. This means that organisms with detrimental nonsynonymous mutations are less likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the removal of these mutations from the population.
4. Conversely, synonymous mutations, having no effect on protein function, are subject to weaker selective pressures. This allows these mutations to accumulate more rapidly in the population, leading to faster evolution of synonymous sites.
In summary, synonymous sites evolve faster than nonsynonymous sites because they are less likely to affect protein function and are thus subject to fewer selective constraints.
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Which of the following functions belongs
to the cellular membrane?
A. keeps the organelles in place
B. protects the cells from its surroundings
C. acts as an "ID card" for cells
D. allows large molecules to move from one side of a cell
Answers
Answer:
I believe B would be the answer
Answer:
B. protects the cells from its surroundingsExplanation:
will give u brainliest
Question
Hemophilia is a genetic blood disorder that is common in descendants of Queen Victoria. Although several women in the family were carriers of the allele for the disorder, only men ended up actually expressing the disorder.
Which statement is true about the inheritance of hemophilia?
Responses
It's a recessive trait on the X chromosome.
It's a dominant trait on the Y chromosome.
It's a recessive trait on the Y chromosome.
It's a dominant trait on the X chromosome
Answers
Answer: Recessive X-linked
Explanation:
Hemophilia is a recessive trait on the X chromosome. The correct option is A.
What is hemophilia?Hemophilia is a basically a genetic bleeding problem of disorder in which the blood fails to clot at it used to do. This can result in both spontaneous and post-injury or surgical bleeding.
Blood contains numerous proteins referred to as clotting factors that can results in the prevention of bleeding.
A mutation or change in one of the genes that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins required to form a blood clot causes hemophilia.
This change or mutation can cause the clotting protein to malfunction or go missing entirely. These genes are recessive and are usually found on chromosome X.
It can be carried by either the mother or the father, or by both of them. The likelihood of a child inheriting the haemophilia changed gene is determined by which of their parents has the changed gene.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Caroline is sick with a bacterial disease. In addition to antibiotics, which of the following should be used to treat the disease? A. Vaccinations B. Increased physical activity C. Antigens and anthelmintics D. Rest and water
Answers
Answer:
D: Rest and Water
Explanation:
Sleep improves the potential ability of some of the body's immune cells to attach to their targets, according to a new study. The study helps explain how sleep can fight off an infection.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
because the water is resting and you need to rest
you are a collection of neurons and your primary responsibility is to speed up and/or slow down the heart and lungs. matter of fact, without you the heart would not beat and your lungs would not breath. you are the:
Answers
The structure which is collection of neurons and primary responsibility is to speed up or slow down heart and lungs is medulla.
The foramen magnum, a hole at the base of your skull, is where your medulla, the bottommost portion of your brain, connects to your spinal cord. Your pons is directly beneath the core brain regions of your brain, immediately above the medulla.
The bottom of the brainstem, known as the medulla oblongata, is involved in controlling your breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.
The brain stem's medulla oblongata, where a medullary stroke occurs, is where it occurs. Many of your body's involuntary activities are carried out by this area of your brain, which also transmits messages from the brain to the spinal cord. Paralysis and difficulty with coordination are two severe signs of a medullary stroke.
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What best describes the role of light in the overall process of photosynthesis?
Answers
Answer:
converts energy from sunlight into glucose
Explanation:
Light provides the energy for assembling small molecules into sugars
In the night sky some star look brighter than other stars from earth the brightest stars appear to be the sun which of the following reason explain these facts
Answers
Answer: The sun is a medium size star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer to us. So the fact that some stars are brighter than the rest shows that they are closer to our planet than others.
Explanation:
Answer: Down
Explanation: The sun is a medium size star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer to us.
Your science class has taken swabs throughout the school. The image shows the
petri dish containing a bacterial culture that developed from a swab of one computer keyboard in the classroom. You would like to make a detailed observation of the internal structures of the bacteria in your culture. You know
that In order to see just their shape, it is necessary to use a magnification of
about 400x to 1000x. Based on this, develop a logical argument for using a transmission electron microscope.
A. The TEM magnifies 1,500,000X and produces a 3D image.
B. The TEM produces a 2D image of whatever specimen you are viewing.
C. The TEM magnifies up to 200,000X and you can see great detail, including the internal structure of cells.
D. In order to keep the students safe, the bacteria must be dead before viewing with any microscope.
Answers
Answer:
The TEM magnifies up to 200,000X and you can see great detail, including the internal structure of cells.
Explanation:
took the quiz and got all correct. good luck!
Answer:
The TEM magnifies up to 200,000X and you can see great detail, including the internal structure of cells.
Explanation:
What is a molecule made of and what is its molecular mass
Answers
Answer:
Molecular mass is a number equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. The molecular mass gives the mass of a molecule relative to that of the 12C atom, which is taken to have a mass of 12
Explanation:
True/false: bacterial cultures are easily identified from their microscopic appearance.
Answers
False. Bacterial cultures are not easily identified solely from their microscopic appearance. Although the microscopic examination can provide some information about the shape, arrangement, and basic characteristics of bacteria, it is not sufficient to accurately identify a specific bacterial species.
Bacteria come in various shapes such as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped), but these morphological features are not unique to individual species. Additionally, some bacterial species can have similar arrangements and staining patterns when observed under the microscope, making it difficult to distinguish them solely based on these factors.
To accurately identify bacterial cultures, other methods such as biochemical tests, genetic sequencing, and antigen detection are employed. These techniques provide more specific information about the bacteria's metabolic processes, genetic makeup, and surface proteins, enabling precise identification of the species.
In summary, while microscopic appearance can give some preliminary information about a bacterial culture, it is not enough for easy and accurate identification. Additional tests and techniques are required for a precise determination of the bacterial species.
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PLEASE I NEED HELP ON THIS ONE I'M STUCK BETWEEN A AND C
Answers
Answer:
im not to sure sory
Explanation:
i cant see the picture
Which geologic term or phrase explains why the top stratum in a section of rock is the youngest?
Answers
ANSWER
The principle is called the Law of Superposition.
which of the following is false *
Hereditary disease can be treated and cured
Nutritional disease can be treated and cured
Pathogenic disease can be cured and controlled
Physiological disease is treatable
Answers
Answer:
hereditary (i think)
Explanation:
hereditary means that its genetic and genetic diseases are not(?) curable
genetic inferences can be made on the basis of consistently observed phenotypic differences.
Answers
Genetic inferences can be made on the basis of consistently observed phenotypic differences. This statement is true. Phenotypic differences can be observed between different individuals, and these differences may be due to genetic factors.
What is a phenotype?
A phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an individual that arise as a result of the interaction between their genotype and the environment. It is the physical appearance of an individual. These observable characteristics may be used to infer information about the individual's genotype, which refers to their genetic makeup or genetic constitution.
The phenotype is affected by several factors, including genetics, environment, and interactions between the two. As a result, consistent phenotypic differences between individuals may be due to genetic differences.
In conclusion, genetic inferences can be made on the basis of consistently observed phenotypic differences. These differences can be used to infer information about the individual's genotype.
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Explain how Earth’s atmosphere affects solar radiation
Answers
Answer:
Explanation: Three atmospheric processes modify the solar radiation passing through our atmosphere destined to the Earth's surface. These processes act on the radiation when it interacts with gases and suspended particles found in the atmosphere.
The three main atmospheric components that absorb radiation are ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. The sun's UV energy, which is detrimental to the majority of living organisms, is absorbed by ozone. Without the atmosphere's protective barrier, sunlight would cause our skin to burn.
What Earth’s atmosphere affects solar radiation?29% of the solar energy that strikes the Earth is returned to space as a result of reflection, largely from clouds but also from other brilliant surfaces and the atmosphere itself. Approximately 23% of the energy entering the environment is absorbed by atmospheric gases, dust, and other particles.
Therefore, The solar radiation that enters our atmosphere and is directed toward the Earth's surface is altered by three atmospheric processes. When radiation interacts with gases and suspended particles in the atmosphere, several processes impact the radiation.
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A bacteria is growing by a factor of 2 every hour from 1 p.m. to 11 p.m. The function below shows the number of bacterial cells, f(x), after x hours from 1 p.m.: f(x) = 20(2)* Which of the following is a reasonable domain for the function?
A. All positive integers
B. 1≤x≤ 11
C. 0≤x≤ 20
D. 0≤x≤ 10
Answers
The bacteria is growing by a factor of 2 every hour from 1 p.m. to 11 p.m. The function below shows the number of bacterial cells, f(x), after x hours from 1 p.m.: f(x) = 20(2)*.
The reasonable domain for the function is 1≤x≤ 11.Domain of a function:The domain of a function is the set of all possible values of the independent variable (often x) for which the function is defined. A reasonable domain for a function is a set of values that make sense in the context of the problem.
In the given function f(x) = 20(2)*, x is the number of hours after 1 p.m
Therefore, x cannot be negative as it represents time. Furthermore, the domain cannot extend beyond 11 hours as the problem mentions that the bacteria is growing from 1 p.m. to 11 p.m.So, the reasonable domain for the function is 1≤x≤ 11.Answer: B. 1≤x≤ 11
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Which of the following Kingdoms does not have Heterotrophs?
A. Animalia
B. Plantae
C. Protista
D. Fungi
Answers
I NEED HELP i literally dont understand this
Answers
Answer:Independent and Dependent variables
Explanation: 1. IV:fertilizer DV:grass
2.IV:salinity DV: goldfish
3.IV:minutes studied DV:effect of studying
4.IV:pesticides DV:size of apples
5.IV:amount he exercises DV:running a kilometer
6.IV:detergent DV: cleanliness of his clothes
7.IV:weight of dogs DV: puppies in litter
8.IV:time on social media DV:anxiety levels
9.IV:diet of rat DV: rats overall health
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Multicellular organisms have ___ cell(s)
A) one
B) two
C) many
D) no
Answers
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
"Multi" in multicellular means multiple or many. :)
What is the primary function of the Cell Wall?
1.Take in carbon dioxide
2.builds proteins
3.to protect and provide support for the cell
4.convert solar energy to chemical change
Answers
Explain why decomposers would be necessary in this food web.
Answers
Answer:
Decomposers are the ecosystem's housekeepers.
Without them, dead plants and animals would continue to pile up, trapping the nutrients that the soil requires.
Decomposers clean up dead matter by processing it and
returning nutrients to the soil for producers to use.
Explanation:
-
I need some help with this assignment ASAP!
I need to brainstorm some ideas for a city that we have to build, but I can't think of any! Please help me!!!
The questions to think about are: why is soil so important? What is soil erosion?What human activities are responsible for soil erosion happening at advanced rates?What are some of the effects of soil loss?
The first one to help me get this, i'll make brainly.
Answers
Sure! I'm here to help you brainstorm some ideas for your city project. Let's explore the questions and come up with some possible ideas:
1. Why is soil so important?
- Soil is crucial for agricultural productivity as it provides nutrients and a suitable environment for plant growth.- It acts as a natural water filter, helping to purify groundwater and prevent pollution.- Soil serves as a habitat for various organisms and plays a role in supporting biodiversity.- It contributes to the carbon and nutrient cycles, influencing climate regulation and ecosystem functioning.2. What is soil erosion?
- Soil erosion refers to the process of the removal and transport of soil particles by natural forces such as water, wind, or ice.- It can occur due to natural causes or human activities and can lead to the loss of fertile topsoil.3. What human activities are responsible for soil erosion happening at advanced rates?
- Deforestation: Clearing forests for agriculture, urbanization, or logging can expose soil to erosion by removing the protective vegetation cover.- Overgrazing: Allowing livestock to graze excessively in an area can damage vegetation and lead to increased soil erosion.- Improper agricultural practices: Poor land management techniques like improper irrigation, inadequate crop rotation, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers can contribute to soil erosion.- Construction and mining: Urban development and mining activities can disrupt the soil structure, leading to erosion.4. What are some of the effects of soil loss?
- Reduced agricultural productivity: Soil erosion can deplete the nutrient-rich topsoil, making it difficult to grow crops and impacting food production.- Water pollution: Eroded soil particles can enter water bodies, leading to sedimentation, reduced water quality, and habitat degradation.- Increased flood risk: When topsoil is eroded, the land becomes less able to absorb water, increasing the likelihood of flooding during heavy rainfall.- Loss of biodiversity: Soil erosion can affect the habitats and ecosystems that rely on healthy soils, leading to a decline in biodiversity.Based on these ideas, you can create a city project that focuses on sustainable land management, implementing practices to prevent soil erosion, and promoting awareness about the importance of soil conservation. Good luck with your assignment!
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More than 10% of people carry the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The following table gives data from Prague on 15- to 29-year-old drivers who had been involved in an accident. The table gives the number of drivers who were infected with Toxoplasma gondii and who were uninfected. These numbers are compared with a control sample of 249 drivers of the same age living in the same area who had not been in an accident.
Infected Uninfected
Drivers with accidents 21 38
Controls 38 211
(a) What are the two variables being compared? Which is the explanatory variable and which is the response?
(b) Depict the data in a graph. Use the results to answer the question: are the two variables associated in this data set?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
(a) The two variables being compared are the occurrence of accidents (drivers with accidents vs. controls) and the infection status with Toxoplasma gondii (infected vs. uninfected). In this case, the explanatory variable is the infection status with Toxoplasma gondii, and the response variable is the occurrence of accidents.
(b) To depict the data in a graph, we can create a 2x2 contingency table or a bar chart. Since the data is already provided in a 2x2 table format, we can use a bar chart to visualize the comparison between the variables.
markdown
| Infected | Uninfected |
------------------------------------------------
Drivers with accidents | 21 | 38 |
Controls | 38 | 211 |
In the bar chart, we would have two bars representing the occurrence of accidents: one for drivers with accidents and one for controls. Each bar would be divided into two sections representing the infection status: infected and uninfected.
To determine if the two variables are associated in this dataset, we need to assess if there is a difference in the distribution of infection status between the drivers with accidents and the controls. If there is a notable difference, it suggests an association between the variables.
The problem is comparing whether being infected with Toxoplasma gondii influences involvement in car accidents. An explanatory graph can be created and a statistical analysis such as chi-square test can give a more accurate inference on the association between these two variables.
Explanation:(a) The two variables being compared in this problem are 'status of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii' and 'involvement in car accidents'. Here, the explanatory variable is 'status of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii' because we are examining its effect on the response variable, 'involvement in car accidents'.
(b) For depicting the data in a graph, one could create a bar graph with two variables 'Infected' and 'Uninfected', represented along the horizontal x-axis. The vertical y-axis could represent the quantity of people from the two groups: 'Drivers with accidents' and 'Controls'.
If the bar of 'Infected' drivers with accidents is significantly higher than 'Infected' controls, then we can say these two variables are associated in this data set. Otherwise, the association is not significant. To be sure, a statistical test such as chi-square test would provide a more definitive answer.
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which statement does not accurately describe natural selection
Answers
Answer:
there is no sentence sorry
Answer:
We can´t do this question if their is no statements
Explanation: