Trace the history of public law enforcement in the United States across any century.
Answers
Answer:
The development of policing in the United States closely followed the development of policing in England. In the early colonies policing took two forms. It was both informal and communal, which is referred to as the “Watch,” or private-for-profit policing, which is called “The Big Stick” (Spitzer, 1979).
The watch system was composed of community volunteers whose primary duty was to warn of impending danger. Boston created a night watch in 1636, New York in 1658 and Philadelphia in 1700. The night watch was not a particularly effective crime control device. Watchmen often slept or drank on duty. While the watch was theoretically voluntary, many “volunteers” were simply attempting to evade military service, were conscript forced into service by their town, or were performing watch duties as a form of punishment. Philadelphia created the first day watch in 1833 and New York instituted a day watch in 1844 as a supplement to its new municipal police force (Gaines, Kappeler, and Vaughn 1999).
Augmenting the watch system was a system of constables, official law enforcement officers, usually paid by the fee system for warrants they served. Constables had a variety of non-law enforcement functions to perform as well, including serving as land surveyors and verifying the accuracy of weights and measures. In many cities constables were given the responsibility of supervising the activities of the night watch.
These informal modalities of policing continued well after the American Revolution. It was not until the 1830s that the idea of a centralized municipal police department first emerged in the United States. In 1838, the city of Boston established the first American police force, followed by New York City in 1845, Albany, NY and Chicago in 1851, New Orleans and Cincinnati in 1853, Philadelphia in 1855, and Newark, NJ and Baltimore in 1857 (Harring 1983, Lundman 1980; Lynch 1984). By the 1880s all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place.
These “modern police” organizations shared similar characteristics: (1) they were publicly supported and bureaucratic in form; (2) police officers were full-time employees, not community volunteers or case-by-case fee retainers; (3) departments had permanent and fixed rules and procedures, and employment as a police officers was continuous; (4) police departments were accountable to a central governmental authority (Lundman 1980).
In the Southern states the development of American policing followed a different path. The genesis of the modern police organization in the South is the “Slave Patrol” (Platt 1982). The first formal slave patrol was created in the Carolina colonies in 1704 (Reichel 1992). Slave patrols had three primary functions: (1) to chase down, apprehend, and return to their owners, runaway slaves; (2) to provide a form of organized terror to deter slave revolts; and, (3) to maintain a form of discipline for slave-workers who were subject to summary justice, outside of the law, if they violated any plantation rules. Following the Civil War, these vigilante-style organizations evolved in modern Southern police departments primarily as a means of controlling freed slaves who were now laborers working in an agricultural caste system, and enforcing “Jim Crow” segregation laws, designed to deny freed slaves equal rights and access to the political system.
The key question, of course, is what was it about the United States in the 1830s that necessitated the development of local, centralized, bureaucratic police forces? One answer is that cities were growing. The United States was no longer a collection of small cities and rural hamlets. Urbanization was occurring at an ever-quickening pace and old informal watch and constable system was no longer adequate to control disorder. Anecdotal accounts suggest increasing crime and vice in urban centers. Mob violence, particularly violence directed at immigrants and African Americans by white youths, occurred with some frequency. Public disorder, mostly public drunkenness and sometimes prostitution, was more visible and less easily controlled in growing urban centers than it had been rural villages (Walker 1996). But evidence of an actual crime wave is lacking. So, if the modern American police force was not a direct response to crime, then what was it a response to?
Explanation:
Related Questions
the federal odometer act gives victims of odometer tampering a remedy for damages but does not make altering vehicle odometers a criminal offense.
Answers
Mrs. Marks wants to buy 80 pens. If the pens come in packs of 10, how many packs does she needs to buy.
Answers
Answer:
Marks would have to but 8 packs of pens.
Explanation:
80 divided by 10.
=8I hope this helped at all.Answer:
Mrs. Marks needs to buy 8 packs.
Explanation:
10 pens = 1 pack
10 pens x 8 packs = 80 pens
Analyse why price elasticity of supply can differ between products
Answers
Answer:
The price elasticity of supply is determined by: Number of producers: ease of entry into the market. Spare capacity: it is easy to increase production if there is a shift in demand. Ease of switching: if production of goods can be varied, supply is more elastic.
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How do we investigate contemporary Supreme Court cases to understand and influence legal arguments and decisions?
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Answer:
There are a few ways to investigate contemporary Supreme Court cases. One way is to read summaries of the cases from a variety of sources, including newspapers, legal journals, and online news sources. Another way is to read the full text of the Supreme Court opinion, which is available online on the court's website. Finally, it is also possible to watch or listen to audio recordings of the oral arguments in the case, which are also available on the court's website.
If you were a defense attorney questioning jurors at the voir dire in a murder
trial, what questions would you ask potential jurors?
Answers
Jurors may be questioned about their backgrounds, jobs, and families in addition to those that are directly related to the current trial. Prior to voir dire, jurors are frequently asked to complete a survey, and specific questions for particular jurors may touch on the data that was given
What questions do you ask during voir dire?Individual jurors might be sought out after a broad question to give an explanation of their yes/no response. A juror can be questioned about his or her personal interactions with the legal system or about how they feel about the differing burden of proof necessary in civil trials.Even though some of the inquiries could seem intrusive, most of them are meant to assist the attorneys in identifying potential biases. Each party can usually ask to have a specific number of potential jurors removed from the pool after the questioning is concluded. Each juror so challenged may be requested to expound on an answer made at voir dire, as the responses given during voir dire are cited when asking that someone be discharged with cause.To Learn more About voir dire Refer To:
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i don't need help but why do you need to pay for pemium
Answers
Answer:because the people are greedy and want more money they cant just help lol
Explanation:
jelaskan pengertian Qadlo
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Awal kehidupan yang indah
How much control should a government have over an individual’s rights regarding vaccination?
Answers
Answer:
The question of how much control a government should have over an individual's rights regarding vaccination is a complex and controversial issue. On one hand, vaccines are an effective public health tool that can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect the population as a whole. However, vaccination also involves personal medical decisions and individual rights.
Generally, governments have the authority to mandate vaccines for certain groups, such as healthcare workers or schoolchildren, to protect public health. However, some people may object to mandatory vaccination on religious, philosophical, or medical grounds, and there may be concerns about government overreach and infringement on individual rights.
Ultimately, the balance between individual rights and public health needs will vary depending on the specific circumstances and the culture and values of a given society. It is important for governments to engage in open and transparent communication about the benefits of vaccines and the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases, while also respecting individual autonomy and providing education and resources to help people make informed decisions about their own health.
our license will be suspended for failing, refusing, or neglecting to report an accident in which there is more than ________ worth of property damage, an injury, or a death. $300 $400 $550 $750
Answers
Answer:
Technichally all of them because, most license suspentions are due to failure to report an accident. Within 72 hours, every driver involved in a motor vehicle accident that causes death or injury, property damage of more than $1,500, or enough damage that any vehicle must be towed must file a written accident report with the DMV.
Imagine that you are a delegate at the Constitutional Convention. You need to give a short speech for
why "E Pluribus Unum" applies at this time just as it did at the time of independence in 1776.
List the three most important points you want to include in your speech.
Answers
Answer:
"E Pluribus Unum" meaning "One from many," was the motto proposed by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in 1776 for the first Great Seal of the United States.
Explanation:
"E Pluribus Unum" meaning "One from many," was the motto proposed by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in 1776 for the first Great Seal of the United States. It states how America is formed as a single nation from a collection of states. This traditional motto has been put on the U.S. dollar bill, and many other such items.
Answer:
"E Pluribus Unum" meaning "One from many," was the motto proposed by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in 1776 for the first Great Seal of the United States. It states how America is formed as a single nation from a collection of states. This traditional motto has been put on the U.S. dollar bill, and many other such items.
Explanation:
I seem to have got it right
The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed in 1990. The law makes it illegal for a business to fire an employee with a disability simply because of this disability. What was the likely intention of this law?
to discourage immoral behavior
to protect the rights of individuals
to increase pay for some groups of people
to provide direct benefits to some groups of people
Answers
Answer:
to protect the rights of individuals
Explanation:
Neil and Natalia work for the same company. It is Neil's first job after leaving school. Natalia has been in the company 12 years and is now a senior manager. Explain how the expenditure pattern of these two people might be different
Answers
PLS HuRRY What would be a violation of one of the basic human rights protected under international human rights law? being denied the opportunity to work due to race, gender, or sexual orientation being taxed by a nation without having fair representation being denied the right to drink alcohol once someone reaches the age of majority having a trade embargo forced upon a country by their neighboring states
Answers
Being denied the opportunity to work due to race, gender, or sexual orientation would be a violation of one of the basic human rights.
What are basic human rights?The rights contained under international human rights law, which provide some rights as well as freedom to the citizens around the globe are known as the basic human rights.
Right to work is a basic human right and one cannot be discriminated for his or her right to work based on their race, gender, age or any such criteria.
Hence, option A holds true regarding the basic human rights.
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Write a hypothesis for Part I of the lab, which is about the effect on an object being carried by a car, when the car experiences a sudden impact. Use the format of "if . . . then . . . because . . . ” and be sure to answer the lesson question "How can Newton's laws be experimentally verified?” specific to Newton’s first law.
Answers
If an object is in motion, then the object will stay in motion because the object has inertia.
Answer:
Simple Response:
If force is applied to a car, then its acceleration will change proportionally, as predicted by Newton’s second law, F = ma.
Explanation
My response:
If you apply force to the toy car, then the force would leave the toy car to accelerate
You can use any one of these if you want, if you use mines the answer will still be correct, but if you want your answer to be the right answer use the simple response. EDGE 2021
7. Select a Supreme Court case that has been particularly important in protecting civil liberties in the
United States.
how the case
In a three-paragraph essay, describe the case and the ruling, then explain
demonstrates why it is important that the Supreme Court is;
Protected from political or public pressure (since justices are appointed rather than elected and
serve lifetime terms)
b. Able to change its interpretations of the law over time
Answers
One particularly important Supreme Court case that has protected civil liberties in the United States is Miranda v. Arizona.
What informs this case?This case, decided in 1966, dealt with the issue of whether police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them. The ruling stated that the police must inform suspects of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney before any questioning takes place. This ruling established the now-famous "Miranda rights" that are read to individuals who are taken into police custody.
This case demonstrates why it is important that the Supreme Court is protected from political or public pressure. The Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona was controversial and unpopular with many law enforcement officials and the general public. However, the justices were able to make a decision based on the Constitution and the law, rather than public opinion or political pressure. This independence allows the Court to uphold the principles of the Constitution and protect the civil liberties of all citizens, even if the ruling is unpopular.
The ability of the Supreme Court to change its interpretations of the law over time is also demonstrated by the Miranda decision. Prior to this ruling, the police were not required to inform suspects of their rights before questioning them. The Court's decision in Miranda changed this and established a new precedent for how police must conduct interrogations. This shows that the Court is able to adapt its interpretations of the law as society evolves and new issues arise. The Court's ability to change its interpretations helps to ensure that the law remains relevant and effective in protecting the rights and liberties of all citizens.
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Can a 17-year-old in the state of Texas who lives with their parents, enroll themselves in a public school without their permission?
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In the state of Texas, a 17-year-old who lives with their parents generally cannot enroll themselves in a public school without their parents' permission.
Is it possible for a 17-year-old in the state of Texas who lives with their parents, enroll themselves in a public school without their permission?Texas Education Code section 25.001 specifies that a child who is at least six years of age and under 19 years of age as of September 1 of the school year is entitled to attend a public school in the district where the child resides.
However, the child's parents or legal guardians are responsible for enrolling the child in school, providing the necessary documentation, and making decisions related to the child's education.
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The constitutional guarantee of a free press has resulted in
A. a government more likely to hide its actions from the people
B. a government more responsive to the needs of the people
C. the establishment of English as the official language of the United States
D. the establishment of government-run news organization
Answers
A government that is more receptive to the needs of the people is the result of the free press provision provided by the constitution.
What is constitution?The American Constitution is considered to be the country's highest law. In 1789, the original constitution of the country, the Articles of Confederation, was replaced. It defines the scope of the country and the limitations on the powers of the executive and legislative branches. The Constitution outlines the three main federal government branches, their respective powers, and sets forth the fundamental legislation that governs the United States federal government. The first ten Constitutional Amendments are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. It explains how Americans should interact with their government. Freedom of speech, the press, and religion are just a few of the civil rights and liberties that are guaranteed to the individual.To learn more about constitution, refer to:
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List the 5 duties of citizens and give a brief description of them. pls answer asap pls this is from canvas
Answers
Answer:
1. Respect the Rights, Beliefs and Opinions of Others:
2. Stay Informed of the Issues That Affect Your Community
3. Serve in a Jury when called upon.
4. Participate in the democratic process
5. Defend the country should the need arise.
Explanation:
1. Don't be closed minded and listen to others. Don't try and force your beliefs or rights upon others as they are entitled to their own.
2. Keep up with what is going on in your community so that you can help in postive ways.
3. Serve on jury duty.
4. VOTE!
5. Defend the country if its needed, if we are under attack if you're in the military or not.
Dominique is working on a case that requires imaging software, specifically Forensic Toolkit. Which feature would Dominique be needing if she is using this software? A. file compression B. image editing C. hex editing D. IP tracing
Answers
Dominique is working on a case that requires imaging software, specifically the Forensic Toolkit (FTK). In this context, the feature she would most likely need is option C. hex editing.
Hex editing allows users to analyze and manipulate the binary data of a file, which is particularly useful in digital forensics investigations. With hex editing, Dominique can examine raw data and look for evidence that might not be easily visible through standard file viewers. This feature enables her to uncover hidden information or recover deleted data, both of which could be crucial for her case.
Although file compression (A), image editing (B), and IP tracing (D) might also be relevant in some scenarios, they are not the primary functions of forensic imaging software like FTK. File compression reduces the size of files, image editing manipulates graphics, and IP tracing helps track the origin of network connections, but none of these directly relate to the digital forensics capabilities that Dominique would require in her investigation.
In summary, Dominique would be needing hex editing as the main feature when using the Forensic Toolkit for her case, as it enables her to perform in-depth analysis and manipulation of binary data, essential for a digital forensics investigation. Therefore the correct option C
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different types of paperwork and professional documents which are required for firefighters
Answers
Answer:
1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements.
2. Standard operating procedures (SOPs).
3. Fire department policies and procedures.
4. Local, state, and federal laws and regulations.
5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards.
6. Incident reports.
7. Training records.
8. Medical records.
9. Safety reports.
10. Investigative reports.
I need any information on the death of Tupac Shakur I want to investigate this murder myself and see what i can find.
Answers
Born: June 16, 1971, East Harlem, New York, NY
Assassinated: September 13, 1996, University Medical Center, Las Vegas, NV
Who Was First King Of Nepal
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The first king of Nepal was King Prithvi Narayan Shah. He was born on January 11, 1723, and ruled from 1768 until his death in 1775. King Prithvi Narayan Shah was the founder of the modern Kingdom of Nepal and the Shah dynasty, which ruled Nepal until 2008 when the country became a federal democratic republic. He is widely regarded as a unifying figure and is credited with the unification of Nepal and the establishment of Nepal as a sovereign kingdom.
. From the following sources of law within our legal system, list them in the order of most binding to least binding (assume all involved laws are valid) and explain why that order exists.
a. state constitution;
b. federal constitution;
c. state legislation;
d. federal legislation;
Answers
Answer:
Legal Research Record Summary of problem(s) Design and Dress Limited (DDL) has experienced problems due to the alleged harassment of one of their employees, Susie Baker, by another employee, Stephen Harding which, despite internal investigation, has now lead to a formal police report. Can DDL be held be liable for damages in respect of a possible civil claim for harassment; if so on what legal basis and to what degree. Key words or phrases Harassment Protection from harassment Employer’s liability Vicarious liability Damages/sanctions in harassment cases Obvious sources/areas of law Halsbury’s Laws Practitioner texts Statutes Statutory Instruments Case law Client objective(s) To ascertain whether DDL can be held liable for any damages in respect of civil proceedings concerning the harassment alleged, notwithstanding
In a jurisdiction with a strict liability regime for dog attacks, a man owns a trained attack dog and rents it out to others for use in their security businesses. One day, the dog is rented by a security company and escapes from the company's premises, attacking and injuring a pedestrian. Who is liable for the pedestrian's injuries: the man who owns the dog, the security company that rented the dog, or both? And under what legal theory or theories?
Answers
In a jurisdiction with strict liability for dog attacks, both the man who owns the trained attack dog and the security company that rented the dog would likely be held liable for the pedestrian's injuries.
This is because strict liability imposes responsibility on the owner of a dog regardless of whether the owner was negligent or knew about the dog's dangerous propensities. The security company may also be held liable under the theory of vicarious liability, which holds employers responsible for the actions of their employees or agents.
In this case, the security company rented the dog and had control over its use, so they could be considered the dog's temporary custodian or handler. Ultimately, both parties could be held liable for the pedestrian's injuries under strict liability and vicarious liability.
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what is the laws and processes to repossesion
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Repossession is the act by a creditor, or an agent hired by a creditor, to take possession of a debtor’s property that has been put up as a security interest or collateral. This happens when the debtor has defaulted on the debt and has failed to pay the creditor.
Additionally, wrongful repossession occurs when the repossession is accompanied by an unjust act. This means that the creditor or agent taking possession of the debtor’s property has violated a legal duty to the debtor. For instance, if a contract requires a creditor to first seek payment before repossession and the creditor does not do so, the creditor’s repossession of the debtor’s property could be a wrongful one.
Repossession rules are usually based on state laws. In the majority of states, lenders have the right to seize property in which they have a secured interest without giving the borrower prior notice so long as the borrower is in default.
However, the lender is prohibited from breaching the peace during the process of repossession. In the broad context, this can mean using physical force or threatening to use physical force in order to seize the property. However, state courts differ on their definition of this concept.
For example, breaching the peace can mean any form of trespass, such as opening a garage door to reach the vehicle or pouring oil on the driveway to make the vehicle slide off of the borrower’s property. Additionally, breach of the peace can result if the person repossessing the vehicle takes the vehicle while the borrower protests. Breach of the peace may also occur if the police are called and participate in the repossession in such a way that it constitutes state action.
Simply because a vehicle is taken away from the borrower does not mean that the borrower is no longer liable for the amount of the loan. After the sale, the lender can pursue a judgment against the borrower for any remaining balance, known as the deficiency. The lender’s ability to pursue this remedy may be limited if he or she did not follow the proper procedures discussed above.
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Lenders may be able to take action to reclaim secured property from borrowers who fall behind on payments. This procedure may be started in other circumstances, but it is frequently followed in contracts for vehicles.
What do you mean by Law?In order to control conduct, social or political entities make laws that are then enforced.
In these situations, the asset is secured by an interest held by the lender. As a result, if the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender typically has the legal authority to seize the car. The definition of "default" is based on the contract's actual language or applicable state legislation.
Therefore, When borrowers fall behind on their payments, lenders may be entitled to initiate legal action to repossess secured property. Although it can be initiated in other situations, this process is typically used in contracts for autos.
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what car did the suspects use to commit the dc sniper crimes
Answers
The suspects used a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan as their vehicle during the DC sniper crimes.
The suspects in the DC sniper crimes, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, used a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan as their vehicle during the shootings. The car was modified to create a concealed shooting platform in the trunk, allowing the perpetrators to carry out their attacks covertly. The choice of this vehicle played a significant role in the nature of the crimes and their ability to evade detection.The use of the Chevrolet Caprice enabled the suspects to blend in with other vehicles on the road, making it difficult for witnesses and law enforcement to identify them during the shootings. The dark blue color and unremarkable appearance of the car further aided their efforts to remain inconspicuous. This strategic choice allowed the perpetrators to carry out their attacks without arousing immediate suspicion or drawing attention to themselves.The vehicle became a key element in the investigation, as authorities issued alerts and descriptions of the car in an effort to track down the suspects. The extensive media coverage of the vehicle and its connection to the crimes heightened public awareness and helped in the eventual capture of the perpetrators.In conclusion, the suspects in the DC sniper crimes used a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan, which played a crucial role in facilitating their shootings and evading detection.For more questions on DC sniper crimes
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For Part 2 of this activity, you will be exploring the roles of citizens on the local, state, and federal level. Do you feel that being an active participant in the equality of women (or any people for that matter) is the responsibility of citizens? Though many people would answer ‘yes’ to this question, it is not a mandatory responsibility for citizens. But, what are the mandatory responsibilities of citizens? Visit the suggested websites (or any others that you find useful) and fill in the chart below separating the responsibilities of citizens into either local, state, or federal. Find at least four for each column. Be sure to indicate if each responsibility is Mandatory or Voluntary (note that some responsibilities may fall into more than one category).
Answers
Local, state, and federal responsibilities of residents can be divided into these three groups are the mandatory.
Following the law, paying taxes, serving on juries, attending school, maintaining the law, and defending the United States are just a few of the obligations that all citizens must fulfil.
Voting, expressing thoughts and comments, performing community service, and appreciating diversity are some optional duties of citizens. If citizens are expected to fulfil both mandatory and optional duties at the local, state, and federal levels, such as abiding by the law, paying taxes, and serving on juries.
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Examine the group of photos shown on page 347. For each photo, answer te following questions:
Is this family? Why or why not?
Is this living arrangement common where you live?
How does the law affect this living arrangement?
What are the characteristics of a family? How would you define the term family?
Are divorced spouses still a family? Would you answer differently depending on whether they have children? If a parent remarries?
Answers
A family is any two or more people who live together and are connected by blood, marriage, or adoption; all of these people are regarded as belonging to the same family.
What is the role of the family?Families have a key role in social development as the fundamental and indispensable building blocks of society. They are primarily responsible for the upbringing, education, and socialization of children as well as for teaching civic virtues and a sense of community.
Family supports us during both the best and worst of times, which makes these ties crucial. Family is crucial because it can provide unconditional love, support, and stability. They always strive to see and bring out the best in you, even when you are unable to do so for yourself.
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A committee that will only exist temporarily to create a certain type of bill would be a:
A. standing committee
B. ad hoc committee
C. rules committee
D. joint committee
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
ad HOC Committee.
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What make’s Confirmation different from Ratification
Answers
Answer: Where the signature is subject to ratification, acceptance, or approval, the signature does not establish the consent to be bound. However, it is a means of authentication and expresses the willingness of the signatory state to continue the treaty-making process. The signature qualifies the signatory state to proceed to ratification, acceptance, or approval. It also creates an obligation to refrain, in good faith, from acts that would defeat the object and the purpose of the treaty.
Explanation:
Answer:
Confirmation is verification or final proof of something. (Example) In the church, confirmation is a rite in which a person is awarded full acceptance into.