The correct order to declare the data, considering that Address M and Address A are accessed frequently while Address P is accessed rarely, would be: d. Address M, A, and P
By placing Address M and Address A first in the declaration, we prioritize the frequently accessed data, allowing for faster and more efficient access during program execution. Address P, being accessed rarely, is placed last in the declaration.
This order takes advantage of locality of reference, a principle that suggests accessing nearby data in memory is faster due to caching and hardware optimizations. By grouping frequently accessed data together, we increase the likelihood of benefiting from cache hits and minimizing memory access delays.
Therefore, option d. Address M, A, and P is the correct order to declare the data in this scenario.
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What do you notice about the speed of the water at different points along the pipe? When is the water the fastest? The slowest?
The speed of water in a pipe can vary depending on the shape and size of the pipe and the rate of flow of water.
The speed of water in a pipeGenerally, the speed of water is highest at the narrowest point of the pipe and lowest at the widest point.
In a pipe with a constant diameter, the speed of water is fastest at the center of the pipe and slowest at the edges. This is because the water experiences the least amount of friction and resistance at the center, where it is farthest away from the walls of the pipe.
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When water is run through a pipe that is narrow is flows faster than when the pipe is wider. This is called the Bernoulli's principle.
What is Bernoulli's principle?Bernoulli's principle asserts that in a horizontal flow of fluid, places with faster fluid speed will have less pressure than points of slower fluid speed.
When a vehicle goes quickly, it creates a low pressure area, and dusts are drawn along in the low pressure area. When we stand very close to the railway track on the platform and a fast train passes us, we are dragged towards the track due to the low pressure region created by the train's high speed.
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The gear with the least number of teeth is called the
In what situation would there be multiple key hashes in one bucket? Select the correct answer: A. When multiple value objects reference the exact same object in memory. B. When there has been a hash collision. C. When the Hash Map is optimized for look-up by concurrent threads. D. When the same key has been inserted more than once.
The situation where there would be multiple key hashes in one bucket is when there has been a hash collision.
This means that two or more different keys have resulted in the same hash value when using a hashing function. When this occurs, the keys are placed in the same bucket to handle the collision. The purpose of buckets is to store multiple key-value pairs with the same hash value efficiently. The collision resolution mechanism, such as chaining or open addressing, is then used to handle collisions within the bucket and ensure the correct retrieval of values associated with the keys. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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Which type of sewage treatment is properly matched with its process?.
There are several types of sewage treatment processes that are used to treat sewage, and each process is specifically designed to remove different types of contaminants from the sewage. The three most common types of sewage treatment processes are primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.
Primary treatment is the first step in sewage treatment and involves the physical removal of large solids and organic matter from the sewage. This is typically done by screening, settling, and skimming the sewage to remove any visible debris. Primary treatment is effective at removing around 30% of the contaminants in sewage.
Secondary treatment is the next step in sewage treatment and involves the biological removal of dissolved and suspended organic matter from the sewage. This process is carried out by bacteria that consume the organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide, water, and more bacteria. Secondary treatment is effective at removing around 85-90% of the contaminants in sewage.
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4. If a hot wire is shorted to ground, what will usually happen?
A. Relay will kick out.
B. Nothing will happen.
C. Fuse will burn open.
D. Capacitor energy storage limit will increase.
Answer:
nothing will happen
Explanation:
except for whatever that wire feeds will lose power
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why do kitchen cabinets bathtubs and attic openings require special framing details
H) Suppose you double the length L of the loop in the diagram for a DC motor. What happens to the motor torque and the back EMF? (1) Motor torque doubles and back EMF remains the same. (2) They both double. (3) Motor torque is cut in half while back EMF doubles (4) They both remain the same. (5) Motor torque is cut in half while back EMF remains the same. (I) What is the power in watts of a DC motor operating at 500 RPM and 20 N- m torque? (Type in an integer number, rounding off your value to the nearest integer)
Calculating this expression, we find that the power of the DC motor is approximately 1042 watts.
If you double the length (L) of the loop in the diagram for a DC motor, the motor torque and the back EMF will both remain the same. Therefore, the correct answer is (4) They both remain the same.
To calculate the power in watts of a DC motor operating at 500 RPM and 20 N-m torque, we can use the formula:
Power (in watts) = Torque (in N-m) * Angular Speed (in rad/s)
First, we need to convert the rotational speed from RPM to rad/s. Since 1 revolution is equal to 2π radians, we can calculate the angular speed as follows:
Angular Speed (in rad/s) = 500 RPM * (2π rad/1 min) * (1 min/60 s)
Now, we can substitute the values into the power formula:
Power = 20 N-m * (500 RPM * (2π rad/1 min) * (1 min/60 s))
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Question 2
For the circuit above in question 1, what is the most negative value v_{s}v
s
can take
before the amplifier saturates? Express your answer in mV and omit
units from your answer.
The most negative value can take before the amplifier saturates. Suppose, Consider a non-ideal op amp where the output can saturate. Hence, The most negative value of is 0.5 mV
Can take before the amplifier saturates?The most negative value v2 can take before the amplifier saturates.Suppose, Consider a non-ideal op amp where the output can saturate.The open voltage gain is2*10 4 where,According to figure,
The negative output value is
v0 = -10V
We need to calculate the most negative value of
Using given formula
v0 = -A(Vs)
Where, = output value
A = voltage gain
Put the value into the formula
-10 = -2 *10 4* Vs
vs = 10/2*10 4
Vs = 0.0005v
Vs = 0.5MV
Hence, The most negative value of is 0.5 mV.
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The most negative value can take before the amplifier saturates. Suppose, Consider a non-ideal op amp where the output can saturate. Hence, The most negative value of is 0.5 mV
Can take before the amplifier saturates?The most negative value v2 can take before the amplifier saturates. Suppose, Consider a non-ideal op amp where the output can saturate. open voltage gain is2*10 4 where, According to figure,
The negative output value is
v0 = -10V
We need to calculate the most negative value of
Using given formula
v0 = -A(Vs)
Where, = output value
A = voltage gain
Put the value into the formula
-10 = -2 *10 4* Vs
vs = 10/2*10 4
Vs = 0.0005v
Vs = 0.5MV
Hence, The most negative value of is 0.5 mV.
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We create, maintain, and live by often __________ that we hope will keep the family (and each of its members) functional.
We create, maintain, and live by often unspoken rules and routines that we hope will keep the family (and each of its members) functional.
What are unspoken rules in families?
There are unspoken guidelines that family members follow in order to maintain order in families dealing with substance use disorders. These guidelines are: Don't trust, don't feel, and don't talk. To keep things as they are, those who are a part of the system abide by these norms.
Why is it important to have family rules?
Children learn what acts are acceptable and unacceptable from their family's rules. As kids get older, they will encounter situations where they must abide by rules. Children who learn to follow rules at home will likely learn to do so elsewhere.
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In the formula shown, k is a correction factor for nonideal mixing. In the worst case, k is usually estimated to be:_______. Cppm = KMRT/KQVPM * 10^6 (Select the best answer and then click 'Submit.) a. 0b. 0.1c. 0.5d. 1.0
Answer:
d. 1.0
Explanation:
Correlation identifies the relationship between two variables. In the given scenario there is strong relation between non ideal mixing. The correction factor can be between -1 to 1 depending on the intensity of the relationship and dependency. The non ideal mixing efficiency is highly dependent on the factors that govern it this means there is high intensity relation so the k is estimated to be nearly 1.
identify the defensive security measure that would best address each of the situations listed below.
Detective controls are intended to identify a threat event as it is happening and to aid in inquiries and audits after the event has taken place.
to prevent the use of spyware. To defend against keyloggers, which record keystrokes with the intention of stealing data, keyboard encryption software is utilized. In order to trick the receiving computer system into believing the packet is coming from a reliable source, such as another computer on a legitimate network, and accepting it, an IP spoofing attack uses tools to change the source address in the packet header. It outlines appropriate ways to use the company's information resources and computing hardware, such as desktop and laptop computers, wireless devices, phones, and the Internet, as well as the penalties for breaking the rules.
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True or False? For vehicles equipped with a limited-slip, or positive-traction, differential, check the
vehicle's VIN and service information for the proper replacement fluid to avoid damaging the unit.
The vehicles equipped with a limited-slip, or positive-traction, differential, check then vehicle's VIN and service information for the proper replacement fluid to avoid damaging the unit is true.
What does the VIN Share report service?The report provides comprehensive details about the car, including information on things like accident histories that you might have had trouble actually discovering. An identity card for your car, the VIN report. Because of its past. Since 1982, the database has kept track of every vehicle sold.The 17-character VIN serves as a unique identifier for the car and is made up of both capital letters and digits. The manufacturer, specifics, and distinctive characteristics of the car are shown by the VIN. It is possible to trace recalls, registrations, warranty claims, thefts, and insurance coverage using the VIN.To learn more about VIN report refer to:
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PLEASE HELP give an example of how scientists, technologists, engineers, and mathematicians may work together when inventing or innovating a new product. Include the role of each profession.
An example of them working together would be something like building a robot. Technologists would work on this project bc they would code the robot. Engineers would work on this bc they would design the interior. A mathematician would work in this bc a mathematician would calculate the angels of when a robot picks something up or when it turns. A scientist would work on this bc the scientist know about physics. You need physics so u know how much force to apply, how much energy to use, how much mass u need, and how much charge u need.
Explanation:
how should email be considered similar to a phone call
Answer:
Emails and phone calls are both common forms of communication that are used in professional and personal settings. There are several similarities between email and phone calls:
1. Both are asynchronous forms of communication: Unlike instant messaging or face-to-face conversations, both emails and phone calls allow the sender or recipient to respond at their convenience. They don't require immediate attention or an instant response.
2. Both are written forms of communication: While phone calls rely on spoken words, emails are written. As a result, both can be used to convey detailed information and allow the sender to carefully consider their words before sending.
3. Both are forms of direct communication: Emails and phone calls both allow for direct communication between two parties. This can be beneficial for discussing sensitive information or resolving issues quickly.
4. Both can be used for formal and informal communication: Emails and phone calls can be used in both personal and professional contexts. They are both flexible forms of communication that can be adapted to fit different situations.
5. Both require attention to tone and etiquette: Just like with phone calls, emails require attention to tone and proper etiquette. Both forms of communication should be approached professionally and respectfully to ensure effective communication.
In conclusion, while there are differences between emails and phone calls, there are also similarities that make them useful communication tools. Both allow for direct, asynchronous communication and can be adapted to fit different situations.
Explanation:
which action is an example of how engineering affects science.
A) Identifying ways to improve the design of an infrared camera.
B) Designing an infrared camera that can record animal behavior in darkness.
C) Using observations of predators to from a hypothesis about their behavior.
D) Testing the effect if infrared light on the behaviors of nighttime predators.
Answer:It was B
Explanation:i took it on apec
and got A wrong so it told it was B
The action that is an example of how engineering affects science is designing an infrared camera that can record animal behavior in darkness. The correct option is B.
What is engineering?Engineering is the process of using mathematical and scientific principles to solve issues in the real world and create novel products and processes for use in a variety of fields and applications.
Engineering is the use of science and math to address issues. Engineers analyze how things operate and use scientific discoveries in real-world settings.
Strong problem-solving skills are among the most important traits an engineer can have. A substantial portion of an engineer's duties involve analyzing a situation, spotting issues, and then coming up with solutions.
Designing an infrared camera that can capture animal behavior in the dark is an example of how engineering influences research.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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A piece of iron of specific heat capacity 0.04 Jkg ¹K and mass 400 kg, is quickly
dropped into 30 kg of water at 10 °C contained in a calorimeter of 120 kg and specific
heat capacity of 0.1 Jkg¹K. If the temperature of the mixture is 30 °C, calculate the
initial temperature of the hot iron (4200 Jkg ¹K¹ = specific heat capacity of water)
(4 marks)
The hot iron's initial temperature is 157545°C.
What is iron?
Iron has the atomic number 26 and the chemical symbol Fe. It is a metal from the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table.
Given mass of the iron mi = 400 kg
Specific heat capacity of iron Ci; = 0.04 Jkg⁻¹k⁻¹
Mass of water Mw = 30 kg
Specific heat capacity of water C w = 4200 Jkg⁻¹ k⁻¹
Temperature of water Tw = 10°c
Mass of Calorimeter Mc = 120 kg
Specific heat capacity of Calorimeter Cc = 0.1 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹
Final temperature of the mixture of T f = 30°c
Let Ti be the initial temperature of the iron.
We know that, heat lost and heat gained will be equal.
So,
Mc Cc ( T f - 10 ) + Mw C w ( T f - 10 ) + Mi Ci; ( T f - T i ) = 0.
=120 x 0.1 ( T f - 10 )+ 30 x 4200 (T f - 10) + 400 x 0.04 (T f - T i) = 0.
=12Tf - 120 + 126000Tf - 1260000 + 16Tf - 16 T i = 0
= - 16 T i = 1260120 ( 26028 x T f)
T i = 157545°C.
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A series RL low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 4 kHz is needed. Using R-10 kOhm, Compute (a) L. (b)) at 25 kHz and (c) 870) at 25 kHz Oa 0 20 H, 0 158 and 2-30.50 Ob 525 H, 0.158 and 2-30 5 O 025 H, 0.158 and 2-80 5 Od 225 H, 1.158 and -80 5
Answer:
(a) L ≈ 0.397 H
(b) Z ≈ 52.5 kOhm
(c) θ ≈ 0.025 radians
Step-by-step explanation:
To calculate the values for an RL low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 4 kHz and using an R-value of 10 kOhm, we can use the following formulas:
(a) L = R / (2 * π * f_c)
(b) Z = √(R^2 + (2 * π * f)^2)
(c) θ = atan((2 * π * f) / R)
Given:
R = 10 kOhm
f = 25 kHz
f_c = 4 kHz
(a) L = R / (2 * π * f_c)
L = 10 kOhm / (2 * π * 4 kHz)
L ≈ 0.397 H
(b) Z = √(R^2 + (2 * π * f)^2)
Z = √((10 kOhm)^2 + (2 * π * 25 kHz)^2)
Z ≈ 52.5 kOhm
(c) θ = atan((2 * π * f) / R)
θ = atan((2 * π * 25 kHz) / 10 kOhm)
θ ≈ 0.025 radians
Therefore, the calculated values are:
(a) L ≈ 0.397 H
(b) Z ≈ 52.5 kOhm
(c) θ ≈ 0.025 radians
an internally rotated oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates which structure(s) in profile?
An internally rotated oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the radial head and neck in profile.
The internally rotated oblique elbow projection is a radiographic technique used to visualize specific structures of the elbow joint. By internally rotating the forearm and positioning the elbow at a specific angle, the radial head and neck become more prominently displayed in profile on the resulting image.
The radial head is the rounded bony structure located at the proximal end of the radius bone in the forearm. It plays a crucial role in forearm rotation and articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. In an internally rotated oblique elbow projection, the radial head appears as a distinct, well-defined structure, often seen in profile due to the oblique positioning.
The neck of the radius refers to the region of the radius bone just below the radial head. It connects the radial head to the shaft of the radius. On an internally rotated oblique elbow projection, the neck of the radius can also be visualized in profile, appearing as a narrow portion of the bone adjacent to the radial head.
Accurate positioning is essential in obtaining a clear and well-defined profile view of the radial head and neck. Proper patient positioning, alignment, and appropriate exposure factors are crucial for obtaining an optimal radiographic image that clearly displays these structures.
In summary, an internally rotated oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the radial head and neck in profile. This radiographic technique allows for better visualization of these structures, aiding in the assessment and diagnosis of elbow joint conditions and injuries.
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Hey guys can anyone list chemical engineering advancement that has been discovered within the past 20 years
what is the most important action for the cota to take first when molding heated thermoplastic material during fabrication of a hand-based orthotic?
Custom splints are most frequently made using low temperature thermoplastic (LTT) materials. Materials have a low melting point because water softens them.
A thermoplastic splint: what is it?A thermoplastic splint is a specially manufactured medical device intended to address rheumatic or orthopaedic issues with the upper limb (fingers, hand and wrist). You can use it at any age. It is constructed of plastic that can be molded, and it can be altered and exactly matched to a limb. Custom splints are most frequently made using low temperature thermoplastic (LTT) materials. Materials are low temperature because water heated to between 135 and 180 degrees fahrenheit causes them to soften. When plastic is heated, it becomes malleable and, after cooling, returns to its previous hardness.Custom splints are most frequently made using low temperature thermoplastic (LTT) materials. Materials have a low melting point because water softens them.To learn more about Melting point refer to:
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Can someone help with this please?
Answer:
with what
Explanation:
A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume that the audio signal bandwidth equals 15 kHz. (a) If the Nyquist samples are uniformly quantized into L = 65, 536 levels and then binary-coded, determine the number of binary digits required to encode a sample. (b) If the audio signal has average power ofO. l watt and peak voltage of 1 volt. Find the resulting signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) of the uniform quantizer output in part (a). (c) Determine the number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode the audio signal. (d) For practical reasons discussed in the text, signals are sampled at a rate well above the Nyquist rate. Practical CDs use 44, 1 00 samples per second. If L = 65, 536, determine the number of bits per second required to encode the signal, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded sign
A. The number of binary digits required to encode a sample is 16 bits.
B. The resulting signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) of the uniform quantizer output in part (a) is 26.8 dB
C. The number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode the audio signal is 705,600 bits/s.
D. The number of bits per second required to encode the signal, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded sign is 705,600 bits/s.
How will you determine the values given above?To determine the values above, the following solutions are provided:
(a) The number of binary digits required to encode a sample is the number of bits needed to represent L = 65,536 levels. This is equal to the base-2 logarithm of L, or log<sub>2</sub>L. Therefore, the number of binary digits required to encode a sample is log<sub>2</sub>L = log<sub>2</sub>65536 = 16 bits.
(b) The signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) is the ratio of the signal power to the quantization noise power. The quantization noise power is the difference between the signal power and the quantized signal power, normalized by the number of bits. Therefore, the SQNR is given by:
SQNR = 10 * log<sub>10</sub> (signal power / quantization noise power)
= 10 * log<sub>10</sub> ((signal power) / (signal power - quantized signal power))
= 10 * log<sub>10</sub> (1 + (quantized signal power / (signal power - quantized signal power)))
Since the signal power is 0.1 W and the peak voltage is 1 V, the signal power is (1 V)<sup>2</sup> / (2 * 1 Ω) = 0.5 W. The quantized signal power is (1 V)<sup>2</sup> / (2 * L) = (1 V)<sup>2</sup> / (2 * 65536) = 2.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> W. Therefore, the SQNR is:
SQNR = 10 * log<sub>10</sub> (1 + (2.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> W / (0.5 W - 2.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> W)))
= 10 * log<sub>10</sub> (1 + 480)
= 10 * log<sub>10</sub> 481
= 10 * 2.68
= 26.8 dB
(c) The number of binary digits per second (bits/s) required to encode the audio signal is the number of bits per sample multiplied by the number of samples per second. Since each sample is encoded using 16 bits, and the audio signal is sampled at a rate of 44,100 samples per second, the number of bits per second required to encode the signal is 16 bits/sample * 44,100 samples/s = 705,600 bits/s.
(d) To transmit the encoded signal, the minimum bandwidth required is equal to the number of bits per second required to encode the signal. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded signal is 705,600 bits/s.
Therefore, the correct answers are as given above
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When an electron in a valence band is raised to a conduction band by sufficient light energy, semiconductors start conducting ________.
Answer:
This band gap also allows semiconductors to convert light into electricity in photovoltaic cells and to emit light as LEDs when made into certain types of diodes. Both these processes rely on the energy absorbed or released by electrons moving between the conduction and valence bands.
Explanation:
On the internet
which one of the following is an example of a disclosure threat?a. Alteration b. Denial c. Espionage d. Destruction
Espionage is one of the following is an example of a disclosure threat.
What is Espionage ?
Espionage is the act of obtaining confidential or sensitive information by unauthorized means, typically through spying or covert means. This information may be related to national security, business secrets, scientific research, or other sensitive information. Espionage is often carried out by individuals working for governments, intelligence agencies, or criminal organizations for the purpose of gaining strategic advantage or economic benefit.
Espionage can take many forms, including hacking into computer systems, intercepting communications, recruiting insiders, or using physical means to access information.
The correct answer is c. Espionage, as it is an example of a disclosure threat.
A disclosure threat is a security risk that results in the unauthorized release of confidential or sensitive information. Espionage refers to the act of obtaining confidential or sensitive information by unauthorized means, typically through spying or covert means. This constitutes a threat to the confidentiality of the information, as it may be disclosed to unauthorized parties who can use it for malicious purposes.
The other options (alteration, denial, and destruction) are not examples of disclosure threats. Alteration refers to unauthorized changes to information, denial refers to the prevention of access to information, and destruction refers to the complete deletion or destruction of information. These are different types of security risks that have different impacts on the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information.
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The displacement of a certain object is described by y(t) = 23 sin 5t, where t is measured in seconds. Compute its period and its oscillation frequency in rad/sec and in hertz
Answer:
5 rad/sec
0.796 Hz
1.256 seconds
Explanation:
Y(t) = 23sin5t ----1
Y(t) = aSin(w)t----2
w = 5 rad/sec
Then we get the Oscillation frequency from the formula below
w = 2πf
We make f to be the subject of this formula
f = w/2π
f = 5/2*3.24
f = 5/6.28
f = 0.796Hz
From the calculated frequency, we get the period = 1/f
= 1/0.796
= 1.256 seconds
A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 20m/s
.a) How long is the ball in the air?
b) What is the greatest height reached by the ball?
c) When is the ball 15m above the ground?
Ball is 2.04 sec in the air after it will undergoes free fall, Max height 20.14 m and after 0.99 sec the ball 15m above the ground.
What are the equations of motion?First Equation of Motion : v = u + a t.Second Equation of Motion : s = u t + 1/2 a t ²Third Equation of Motion : v ²= u² + 2 a s.The most basic principles of an object's motion are described by kinematics equations of motion. These equations control an object's motion in 1D, 2D, and 3D. They make it simple to compute expressions like an object's position, velocity, or acceleration at different points in time.
At max height, V=0.
So:
v=u+at
0=20–9.8t
9.8t=20
t=2.04 secs…
Ball is 2.04 sec in the air after it will undergoes free fall.
s = ut + ½ at^2
=20* 2.04 - (9.8 * 2.04² / 2)
= 40.8 - 20.39
= 20.41 m
Max height 20.14 m
ball 15m above the ground:
v^2 = u^2 + 2 as.
= 20^2 - 2 * 9.8 * 15
= 400- 294
=106
v = \(\sqrt{106}\) =10.3 m/s
v=u+at
10.3 = 20 -9.8 * t
t = (20 -10.3) /9.8 = 0.99 sec
at 0.99 sec the ball 15m above the ground.
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A shaft of a circular cross section is supported by two housings at B and C. The shaft
is subjected to static loads: concentrated force N applied by gear D and an applied torque T. The yielding strength of the shaft is Sy, and the diameter of the shaft is d. For circular cross sections, | = nd*/64, J = md*/32. The length of the shaft is L. Transverse shear stress is ignored here.
1) Draw the bending moment diagram of the shaft. Specify the location of the weakest (most dangerous) cross section A on bending moment diagram.
2) Draw the weakest point(s) on cross section A.
3) Determine the von-Mises stress at the weakest point(s).
4) Determine the factor of safety n based on Distortion Energy Theory.
Answer:
1) The bending moment diagram of the shaft is shown in Figure 1. The weakest cross section A is located at the point where the bending moment is maximum.
2) The weakest point on cross section A is located at the point where the bending moment is maximum.
3) The von-Mises stress at the weakest point is given by:
σ = M/I
where M is the bending moment and I is the moment of inertia of the cross section.
4) The factor of safety n is given by:
n = Sy/σ
where Sy is the yield strength of the shaft and σ is the von-Mises stress at the weakest point.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
it is the tool used to measure the amount of electric current
Answer:
Ammeter
Explanation:
Instrument for measuring either direct or alternating electric current, in amperes. Ammeters vary in their operating principles and accuracies
Answer:
ammeter is used to measure electric current.
Forced air at T = 25 degree C and V = 10 m/s is used to cool electronic elements on a circuit board. One such element is a chip, 4 mm by 4 mm, located 120 mm from the leading edge of the board. Experiments have revealed that flow over the board is disturbed by the elements and that convection heat transfer is correlated by an expression of the form Nu_x = 0.04 Re_x^0.85 Pr^1/3. Estimate the surface temperature of the chip if it is dissipating 30 mW.
The estimated surface temperature of the chip is 80°C.
How to estimate the surface temperature of the chip?To estimate the surface temperature of the chip, we need to first calculate the heat transfer coefficient using the Nusselt number correlation and then use it to calculate the surface temperature using the heat transfer equation.
Calculating the Reynolds number:
Re_x = (rho * V * x) / mu
Assuming standard conditions (ambient pressure and temperature), the density of air is rho = 1.225 kg/m^3 and the dynamic viscosity of air is mu = 1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s. Therefore, the Reynolds number at the location of the chip is:
Re_x = (1.225 kg/m^3 * 10 m/s * 120 mm / 1000) / (1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s) = 8,498
Calculating the Prandtl number:
Pr = cp * mu / k
At room temperature, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k = 0.0263 W/m.K, so the Prandtl number is:
Pr = 1.005 kJ/kg.K * 1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s / 0.0263 W/m.K = 0.7
Calculating the Nusselt number:
Nu_x = 0.04 Re_x^0.85 Pr^1/3
Nu_x = 0.04 * (8,498)^0.85 * (0.7)^1/3 = 78.8
Calculating the heat transfer coefficient:
h = Nu_x * k / x
where x is the characteristic length, which in this case is the distance from the leading edge of the board to the chip.
x = 120 mm / 1000 = 0.12 m
h = 78.8 * 0.0263 W/m.K / 0.12 m = 17.2 W/m^2.K
Calculating the surface temperature:
The heat transfer equation for a small surface area is:
Q = h * A * (T_s - T_inf)
The surface area of the chip is:
A = 4 mm * 4 mm / 1,000,000 m^2 = 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2
Substituting the given values and solving for T_s:
30 mW = 17.2 W/m^2.K * 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2 * (T_s - 25°C)
T_s = 30 mW / (17.2 W/m^2.K * 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2) + 25°C = 80°C (rounded to the nearest degree)
Therefore, To estimate the surface temperature of the chip, we need to first calculate the heat transfer coefficient using the Nusselt number correlation and then use it to calculate the surface temperature using the heat transfer equation.
Calculating the Reynolds number:
Re_x = (rho * V * x) / mu
where rho is the density of air, V is the velocity, x is the distance from the leading edge of the board to the chip, and mu is the dynamic viscosity of air.
Assuming standard conditions (ambient pressure and temperature), the density of air is rho = 1.225 kg/m^3 and the dynamic viscosity of air is mu = 1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s. Therefore, the Reynolds number at the location of the chip is:
Re_x = (1.225 kg/m^3 * 10 m/s * 120 mm / 1000) / (1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s) = 8,498
Calculating the Prandtl number:
Pr = cp * mu / k
where cp is the specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure and k is the thermal conductivity of air.
At room temperature, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k = 0.0263 W/m.K, so the Prandtl number is:
Pr = 1.005 kJ/kg.K * 1.81 x 10^-5 Pa.s / 0.0263 W/m.K = 0.7
Calculating the Nusselt number:
Nu_x = 0.04 Re_x^0.85 Pr^1/3
Nu_x = 0.04 * (8,498)^0.85 * (0.7)^1/3 = 78.8
Calculating the heat transfer coefficient:
h = Nu_x * k / x
where x is the characteristic length, which in this case is the distance from the leading edge of the board to the chip.
x = 120 mm / 1000 = 0.12 m
h = 78.8 * 0.0263 W/m.K / 0.12 m = 17.2 W/m^2.K
Calculating the surface temperature:
The heat transfer equation for a small surface area is:
Q = h * A * (T_s - T_inf)
where Q is the heat dissipated by the chip, A is the surface area of the chip, T_s is the surface temperature of the chip, and T_inf is the ambient temperature.
The surface area of the chip is:
A = 4 mm * 4 mm / 1,000,000 m^2 = 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2
Substituting the given values and solving for T_s:
30 mW = 17.2 W/m^2.K * 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2 * (T_s - 25°C)
T_s = 30 mW / (17.2 W/m^2.K * 1.6 x 10^-6 m^2) + 25°C = 80°C (rounded to the nearest degree)
Therefore, the estimated surface temperature of the chip is 80°C.
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Discuss on forced convection heat transfer with real examples.
Answer:
forced convection
Explanation:
When a fan, pump or suction device is used to facilitate convection, the result is forced convection. Everyday examples of this can be seen with air conditioning, central heating, a car radiator using fluid, or a convection oven.